响应面法优化维生素K_2(MK-7)发酵条件

对实验室保藏的一株维生素K2(MK-7)高产菌的摇瓶发酵条件进行优化,结果表明菌体在静置培养状态下比在摇瓶培养状态下能够合成更多的维生素K2;同时发现玉米粉经过高温淀粉酶液化之后非常适合作为合成维生素K2的碳源。最后利用响应面法对发酵培养基中主要因素的最适宜水平及其交互作用进行了研究与探讨,优化后维生素K2产量由7.09 mg·L-1提高到了67.22mg·L-1,高于文献报道值。     

Soil nutrient budgets following projected corn stover harvest for biofuel production in the conterminous United States

Increasing demand for food and biofuel feedstocks may substantially affect soil nutrient budgets, especially in the United States where there is great potential for corn (Zea mays L) stover as a biofuel feedstock. This study was designed to evaluate impacts of projected stover harvest scenarios on budgets of soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) currently and in the future across the conterminous United States. The required and removed N, P, and K amounts under each scenario were estimated on the basis of both their average contents in grain and stover and from an empirical model. Our analyses indicate a small depletion of soil N (?4 ± 35 kg ha^?1) and K (?6 ± 36 kg ha^?1) and a moderate surplus of P (37 ± 21 kg ha^?1) currently on the national average, but with a noticeable variation from state to state. After harvesting both grain and projected stover, the deficits of soil N, P, and K were estimated at 114–127, 26–27, and 36–53 kg ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively, in 2006–2010; 131–173, 29–32, and 41–96 kg ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively, in 2020; and 161–207, 35–39, and 51–111 kg ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively, in 2050. This study indicates that the harvestable stover amount derived from the minimum stover requirement for maintaining soil organic carbon level scenarios under current fertilization rates can be sustainable for soil nutrient supply and corn production at present, but the deficit of P and K at the national scale would become larger in the future.     

Nitrogen and harvest effects on soil properties under rainfed switchgrass and no‐till corn over 9 years: implications for soil quality

Nitrogen fertilizer and harvest management will alter soils under bioenergy crop production and the long‐term effects of harvest timing and residue removal remain relatively unknown. Compared to no‐tilled corn (NT‐C, Zea mays L.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is predicted to improve soil properties [i.e. soil organic C (SOC), soil microbial biomass (SMB‐C), and soil aggregation] due to its perennial nature and deep‐rooted growth form, but few explicit field comparisons exist. We assessed soil properties over 9 years for a rainfed study of N fertilizer rate (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha^?1) and harvest management on switchgrass (harvested in August and postfrost) and NT‐C (with and without 50% stover removal) in eastern NE. We measured SOC, aggregate stability, SMB‐C, bulk density (BD), pH, P and K in the top 0–30 cm. Both NT‐C and switchgrass increased SMB‐C, SOC content, and aggregate stability over the 9 years, reflecting improvement from previous conventional management. However, the soils under switchgrass had double the percent aggregate stability, 1.3 times more microbial biomass, and a 5–8% decrease in bulk density in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths compared to NT‐C. After 9 years, cumulative decrease in available P was significantly greater beneath NT‐C (?24.0 kg P ha^?1) compared to switchgrass (?5.4 kg P ha^?1). When all measured soil parameters were included in the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF), switchgrass improved soil quality index over time (ΔSQI) in all depths. NT‐C without residue removal did not affect ΔSQI, but 50% residue removal decreased ΔSQI (0–30 cm) due to reduced aggregate stability and SMB‐C. Even with best‐management practices such as NT, corn stover removal will have to be carefully managed to prevent soil degradation. Long‐term N and harvest management studies that include biological, chemical, and physical soil measurements are necessary to accurately assess bioenergy impacts on soils.     

番茄黄化曲叶病毒对温室白粉虱适合度的影响

【目的】温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)是为害北方地区花卉蔬菜的主要粉虱种类,烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)则在近些年逐渐频繁的花卉贸易活动中扩散至黑龙江省部分地区并取代了白粉虱成为当地温室害虫的优势物种,番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)是烟粉虱传播的一种重要双生病毒,对作物的危害十分严重,然而该病毒对本地白粉虱的影响及对烟粉虱与白粉虱种间竞争关系的影响尚待研究。【方法】本研究观察记录感染番茄黄化曲叶病毒的番茄植株上温室白粉虱和烟粉虱的种群动态及番茄形态和部分生理指标的变化。【结果】结果表明:1)有烟粉虱滋生的番茄植株矮小,根系发达;2)有白粉虱滋生的番茄略微矮粗,影响较小;3)感染病毒的番茄矮粗或矮小,根部无明显变化;4)染毒带虫相对于带虫处理而言,在白粉虱试验中,番茄植株矮小,根系生物量也骤减;与此相反,在烟粉虱试验中,番茄的反应相对缓和;5)此外,不同酶类对植株染毒的响应不同:Ach E酶活高不利于植株,而GST酶活高则有利于植株。【结论】总体而言:烟粉虱单独作用很不利于苗期番茄,白粉虱对苗期番茄没有明显的直接影响;而感染病毒会缓解烟粉虱对番茄的强烈刺激,而加重白粉虱对番茄的作用,即染毒使带白粉虱的苗期番茄生长发育受到明显抑制。与番茄变化情况相对应的是,染毒番茄上烟粉虱产卵较少,但在发育前期(从卵到伪蛹)存活率较高;染毒番茄上白粉虱产卵较多,但在前期存活率较低。本研究可为高纬度地区粉虱综合防控提供参考。     

糯玉米胚乳淀粉粒粒度分布形成的酶学机理

以7个糯玉米品种为材料,测定其籽粒发育过程中淀粉粒粒度分布及淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化,分析两者之间的关系。结果表明,随着籽粒发育,糯玉米淀粉粒平均粒径逐渐增大,可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性呈单峰曲线变化。籽粒发育前期,小淀粉粒(≤7.4μm)所占体积较大;随着籽粒发育,小淀粉粒所占体积减少,大淀粉粒(>7.4μm)所占体积增多;籽粒发育后期,大淀粉粒所占体积较大。相关分析表明, SSS和SBE活性与大淀粉粒体积增大速率和平均粒径增大速率均呈显著或极显著正相关。因此, SSS和SBE是影响糯玉米胚乳淀粉粒粒度分布形成的主要酶, SSS和SBE活性越高,淀粉粒平均粒径越大,大淀粉粒所占体积越多。     

白腐菌胞外提取液与纤维素酶对玉米秸秆的协同酶解研究

通过评价几株白腐菌固体发酵不同时间的胞外提取液与纤维素酶同时加入对玉米秸秆酶解产糖的影响,得到一个较高糖化效果的胞外降解体系,并对其相关影响因素进行研究,进而初探其协同酶解的机制.结果表明,Echinodontium taxodii 2538固体培养5 d的胞外提取液与纤维素酶形成的胞外降解体系的协同酶解效果较好,酸处...     

蛋白酶产生菌LN01水解玉米黄粉蛋白的研究

玉米黄粉中含有约质量分数60%的蛋白质,但很难直接应用,必须进行预处理.本文以玉米黄粉为原料,利用蛋白酶产生菌LN01进行液体发酵,分别研究了液体接种量、初始pH、培养温度和培养时间等因素对LN01菌株水解玉米黄粉蛋白的影响.实验结果表明,LN01菌株水解玉米黄粉蛋白的最佳发酵条件为:初始pH值为6.0,液体种子接种量...     

Optimising the capacity of field trials to detect the effect of genetically modified maize on non‐target organisms through longitudinal sampling

To assess risks of cultivation of genetically modified crops (GMCs) on non‐target arthropods (NTAs), field tests are necessary to verify laboratory results and in situations where exposure pathways are very complex and cannot be reproduced in the laboratory. A central concern in the design of field trials for this purpose is whether the tests are capable of detecting differences in the abundance or activity of NTAs in a treated crop in comparison with a non‐treated comparator plot. The detection capacity of a trial depends on the abundance and variability of the taxon, the values assumed for type I (α) and II (β) errors, and the characteristics of the trial and statistical design. To determine the optimal trial layout and statistical analysis, 20 field trials carried out in Spain from 2000 to 2009 to assess risks of GMCs on NTAs were examined with α and β set at 0.05 and 0.20, respectively. In this article we aim to determine the optimal number of sampling dates during a season, or longitudinal samples, in the design of field trials for assessing effects of GM maize on NTAs, and the ones that contribute most to achieving detectable treatment effects (d_c) less than 50% of the mean of the control. Detection capacities are a function of the number of individual samples taken during the season but a high number of samples is rarely justified because gains of repeated sampling can be relatively low. These gains depend primarily on field tests relative experimental variability in individual samplings (i.e. experimental variability relative to the mean of the control in each sampling date) which in turn depends on the sampling method (visual counts, pitfall traps or yellow sticky traps) and the density (or abundance) of the taxon in question. Taxa showing more density (or abundance) have less relative experimental variability. The smaller the experimental variability, the lower the profit of increasing the number of sampling dates. Sticky traps have a good effect detection capacity and need very few sampling dates, whereas visual counts and pitfall traps have a poorer effect detection capacity and need more individual samples to achieve d_c values lower than 50%. In maize field trials, it is recommended to concentrate sampling efforts in certain growth stages; the optimal ones for achieving an acceptable detection capacity are variable but, in general, samples in the first half of the season render better detection capacity than samples in the second half.